Oil is found throughout the Amazon, from Ecuador to Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil, whose profits from exploitation have been the primary source of income in most of these countries. It has undoubtedly benefited most of the population, but the negative impacts on the environment and communities are devastating and challenging to quantify.
WATER AND THE LOCAL PEOPLE
The Ecuadorian Amazon, in the region known as Alto Napo, has an average annual rainfall of 3600 mm. This allows the Amazonian people who live in the forest to collect rainwater in tanks or get it from the streams, while the ones living on the river banks take the water directly for all their needs.
However, in the dry season, when it has not rained for over a week, by the time the streams dry up, everyone has to go to the big river to bathe, wash their clothes, swim, and collect water for cooking and drinking.
OIL AND HEAVY METALS
Oil is made up of hydrocarbons and several toxic metals, mainly mercury. Once ingested with food, mercury causes general poisoning, which can lead to death in high doses. Lead affects the kidneys and the central nervous system, causing loss of appetite, anemia, paralysis, and headaches. In contrast, vanadium affects bone calcification, inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis, and causes cardiovascular changes. Inhaled asbestos fibers cause stomach and liver cancer.
COMMUNITIES VS. OIL EXTRACTION
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